Introduction to European Red List

Roger 0:02

Talking Trees with Lillian Jad . Welcome to Talking Trees , your everyday journey into the world of tree conservation . In today's episode , we delve into the European Red List of Trees , a landmark document offering the first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risks facing all native European tree species . Risks facing all native European tree species Developed by IUCN and BGCI with contributions from numerous experts and support from the European Commission's LIFE program . This report identifies threatened species across Europe , examines key challenges such as invasive species and deforestation , and provides recommendations for protecting these trees in situ and ex situ . And provides recommendations for protecting these trees in situ and ex situ . This essential tool guides conservation efforts and shapes policies to preserve Europe's rich tree diversity . Join us as we uncover the insights behind this critical resource .

Key Threats to European Trees

Jad 1:00

Okay , so today's deep dive is going to be something that I'm sure you deal with literally every day , but we're not talking about just any trees . We're talking about the future of European forests .

Lilly 1:11

Okay .

Jad 1:12

And a pretty alarming report called the European Red List of Trees .

Lilly 1:15

Yeah , so this report's basically a health checkup for all 454 tree species that are native to Europe , and what I think is so fascinating about it is that it doesn't just , you know , list the names of the species . It actually meticulously evaluates their risk of extinction based on these really specific criteria . It uses those globally recognized IUCN red list categories and criteria .

Jad 1:42

That might disappear .

Lilly 1:43

You got it .

Jad 1:44

And that's a little scary .

Lilly 1:45

It is .

Jad 1:46

And a shocking 42% of European tree species are threatened .

Lilly 1:49

Yeah .

Jad 1:50

That's a lot . I mean , you know , as arborists , you guys are always , you know , trying to diversify your planting palates .

Lilly 1:57

Right .

Jad 1:57

Imagine losing almost half of your options .

Lilly 2:00

That's what we're looking at that's the reality we're facing . It's pretty serious and that actually puts trees as the third most threatened group in Europe , right behind freshwater mollusks .

Jad 2:10

Okay .

Lilly 2:10

And there's this category called policy plants , which are just species that have been , you know , selected for a conservation concern .

Jad 2:17

Wow , that's a pretty sobering thought .

Lilly 2:19

Yeah .

Jad 2:20

What is driving this crisis ? I mean , trees are pretty tough , right . What's putting them at such risk ?

Lilly 2:26

Well , it's definitely a combo of factors , but if you had to pick , like a public enemy number one , yeah . It's got to be invasive species . I mean , you know you've probably seen firsthand damage that you know things like the leaf miner moth can do to horse chestnut populations .

Jad 2:42

Totally .

Lilly 2:43

Or you know diseases like ash ibex Right , just wiping out entire stands .

Jad 2:48

Those are definitely . You know , we're on the front lines of those battles every day .

Lilly 2:52

Right .

Jad 2:52

And it feels like it's getting even harder . You know .

Lilly 2:54

Yeah .

Jad 2:55

With global trade and climate change , just kind of creating more opportunities for these things to spread .

Lilly 3:01

Creating pathways , you know , and it's such a complex problem with no easy solutions , unfortunately

Protected Areas and Conservation Methods

Lilly 3:07

. And then on top of that you have , you know that constant deforestation and the way that land use is always changing . I mean , forests are constantly being cleared for agriculture , urgent sprawl , infrastructure projects . It's like we're squeezing trees out of their own homes .

Jad 3:23

Yeah , it's like there's just less and less space for them . And then , on top of that , you're saying there's these invasive species .

Lilly 3:29

Exactly , the breaths are piling up .

Jad 3:31

Yeah , and one thing I was reading in the report that I thought was kind of interesting is they were talking about how you know , a high percentage of European trees are actually found in protected areas like NASRA 2000 , National Parks , Nature Reserves . I'm always a little skeptical about how much impact these things really have . Oh sure , Because it seems like there are always loopholes and walkarounds . How do we know they're actually effective ?

Lilly 3:57

That's a totally valid concern and the truth is , the effectiveness of protected areas it really does vary a lot , so you'll have some that are incredibly well managed .

Jad 4:07

Right .

Lilly 4:08

Really well funded and they have strict enforcement , yeah , and they do a great job , okay . And then you have others that are struggling with limited resources or they have challenges with enforcement .

Jad 4:17

So it's not just a silver bullet .

Lilly 4:18

No , not at all and sometimes , you know , the management might not be specifically focused on like the needs of individual tree species . Ok , so they might be doing a good job of protecting , like the overall habitat , but not necessarily like every tree within it . Ok , so they also talked about the role of botanic gardens . Yeah , arbor , wada and seed banks and this kind of seems like you know having a backup copy , exactly For our forests . Yeah , it's like an insurance policy for plant diversity and this kind of seems like you know having a backup copy , exactly For our forests .

Jad 4:47

Yeah , it's like an insurance policy for plant diversity .

Lilly 4:49

It is reassuring to know that 87% of European trees are represented in collections worldwide . However , there is a catch . Uh-oh 32 threatened species are still missing entirely . You don't have them anywhere From these collections .

Jad 5:02

Yeah , so there are still these gaps , these are't have them anywhere .

Lilly 5:04

From these collections . Yeah , so there are still these gaps .

Jad 5:07

These are safety net .

Lilly 5:08

Like key pieces of the puzzle .

Jad 5:09

Exactly .

Lilly 5:10

And that brings us to this kind of interesting case study that they isolated

Sorbus: A Complex Case Study

Lilly 5:14

in the report .

Jad 5:14

Okay .

Lilly 5:15

And that is the Sorbus genus .

Jad 5:18

Ah , Sorbus yes .

Lilly 5:19

So apparently .

Jad 5:20

Fascinating group of trees .

Lilly 5:21

Three quarters of the 170 or so .

Jad 5:23

Over 170 Sorbus species in Europe are threatened . So I mean that's a huge proportion . It is . So tell me a little bit about sorbus . What's going on with them ?

Lilly 5:34

Well , the sorbus genus , which includes trees like the rowan and the mountain ash .

Jad 5:39

Okay .

Lilly 5:40

It's incredibly complex . They have this really unusual reproductive strategy that involves hybridization . So yeah , you know you get different species cross-breathing and that creates tons of new varieties wow , so that's part of why there's so many of them that's one of the reasons , yeah , and then , on top of that , they often have multiple sets of chromosomes multiple sets yeah , which is a phenomenon called polyploidy polyploidy yeah okay , now for those of us who haven't you you know brushed up on our botany like what exactly does that mean ?

Lilly 6:11

So think of chromosomes as like instruction manuals for building a tree .

Jad 6:15

Okay .

Lilly 6:16

Most trees have two sets .

Jad 6:17

Okay , one from each parent , okay .

Lilly 6:19

But sorbis species . They often have extra sets .

Jad 6:22

Extra sets of instructions .

Lilly 6:23

Yeah , and this leads to more diverse traits , but it also makes their reproduction more complex .

Jad 6:29

So it's like too many cooks in the kitchen .

Lilly 6:31

Kind of yeah , you get some unique and interesting results , but it can also make things a bit more chaotic and vulnerable .

Jad 6:37

And on top of that , a lot of these sorbis species reproduce through apomechosis , yes , which I guess means , which means they basically clone themselves through seeds .

Lilly 6:49

They clone themselves so they're not even . It's like they're making photocopies of themselves .

Jad 6:51

Having sex with other trees . Not in the traditional sense , no , they're just like I'm just going to make a copy of myself .

Lilly 6:56

Exactly , which is remarkable .

Jad 6:58

That's wild .

Lilly 6:59

It is , but it also kind of creates this paradox .

Jad 7:02

Okay .

Lilly 7:02

Because , while it's contributed to this high number of unique sorbis species , it also means that a lot of them exist in these very small , isolated populations , which makes them incredibly vulnerable .

Jad 7:20

So it's all really interesting . But I want to make sure we don't get too lost in the sorbis world here . No problem , because I want to talk about some of the bigger picture things that they highlighted in the report in terms of solutions and things like that . So they talked about protected areas , but we kind of already talked about that ?

Lilly 7:32

Yeah , we touched on that .

Jad 7:34

So what are some of the other strategies that are being used to try to combat these threats ?

Lilly 7:39

Well , research and monitoring are absolutely crucial . Scientists are constantly working to try to understand how climate change is impacting tree health , how these invasive species are spreading and how we can fight back against tree diseases . So there's a ton of work going on in that area , and we also have organizations like the International Plant Sentinel Network , which are basically like an early warning system , constantly scanning for new threats . They're looking out for potential outbreaks and new invasive species and all that

Island Ecosystems and Final Thoughts

Lilly 8:10

.

Jad 8:10

That's reassuring .

Lilly 8:11

It is . There are people out there actively working to protect these trees .

Jad 8:14

Okay good , Because it's easy to get a little overwhelmed by all this . It's a lot .

Lilly 8:18

But there are definitely reasons to be hopeful .

Jad 8:20

Okay , good , I'm glad to hear that . So I guess one of the other things that they highlighted in the report were the unique challenges that are faced by trees on European islands .

Lilly 8:30

European islands are so interesting . They're like little evolutionary laboratories , you know . You often find species there that are found nowhere else on Earth .

Jad 8:38

Like what .

Lilly 8:38

Well , think about those incredible laurel forests in the Canary Islands .

Jad 8:43

Okay .

Lilly 8:43

Or like the ancient olive groves , that you find all over the Mediterranean .

Jad 8:47

Right .

Lilly 8:47

They've really managed to preserve .

Jad 8:49

Like they're , these little time capsules .

Lilly 8:50

Yeah , it's like a glimpse into the past .

Jad 8:52

Yeah .

Lilly 8:52

These unique pieces of evolutionary history .

Jad 8:55

Okay , so they're cool .

Lilly 8:56

They are . But that isolation that's created all this amazing diversity Right . It also makes these island ecosystems incredibly fragile .

Jad 9:04

How so .

Lilly 9:05

Well , they've evolved in a very specific context .

Jad 9:07

Okay , often with Well .

Lilly 9:08

They've evolved in a very specific context , often with a limited gene flea from the mainland , so like they're kind of inbred . Yeah , and that makes them more susceptible to things like invasive species habitat loss . And then there's not very many of them to begin with Right exactly , and many of these island species exist in these small localized populations .

Jad 9:26

Yeah .

Lilly 9:26

So even a small scale disturbance can have a huge impact .

Jad 9:30

Like what .

Lilly 9:31

Well , imagine , like a volcanic eruption .

Jad 9:33

Oh yeah .

Lilly 9:34

On a small island .

Jad 9:35

Totally .

Lilly 9:35

Or the introduction of just a single invasive predator .

Jad 9:38

Yeah , that would totally change everything .

Lilly 9:39

It can completely reshape the entire ecosystem .

Jad 9:42

And , on a more practical level , protecting these island ecosystems , yes , also benefits the people who live there .

Lilly 9:48

Absolutely .

Jad 9:48

Because these forests , they provide essential services . Ok , so what else ?

Lilly 9:53

Well , another crucial factor is addressing those threats that don't stop at park boundaries .

Jad 9:58

Okay , like what .

Lilly 9:59

So you know things like invasive species and climate change .

Jad 10:02

Right .

Lilly 10:03

These things require coordinated efforts across much larger landscapes .

Jad 10:07

Yeah .

Lilly 10:07

And that often involves , you know , multiple stakeholders . You got to get landowners involved , local communities , government agencies .

Jad 10:14

So it's not just about creating these isolated islands .

Lilly 10:17

Exactly it protects them . So it's about fostering a network of interconnected areas and collaborative management strategies .

Jad 10:24

So it's all about recognizing that . You know , nature doesn't adhere to human drawn boundaries .

Lilly 10:30

It doesn't care about our maps and lines .

Jad 10:32

Right , I mean that makes sense . It's kind of like what we were talking about earlier with the islands you know they're isolated , but they're also connected to this larger ecosystem .

Lilly 10:39

Exactly , it's all about the big picture .

Jad 10:41

And so , with all these challenges and threats facing European trees , you know it's easy to get overwhelmed and lose hope .

Lilly 10:47

It is .

Jad 10:47

What message would you leave our listeners with , especially those who are working hard every day to protect these trees ?

Lilly 10:53

Well , I think the most important thing to remember is that you're not alone in this fight . You know there's a whole community of people who are passionate about trees and dedicated to their conservation , and there are amazing organizations out there doing incredible work to protect these forests .

Jad 11:08

So it's about finding those people , finding those organizations and getting involved .

Lilly 11:12

Exactly , and even small actions can make a difference . You know , planting a tree in your yard , educating your neighbors about invasive species , supporting local conservation groups it all adds up .

Jad 11:23

So it's not about feeling like you have to solve all the problems yourself .

Lilly 11:27

No , it's about doing what you can .

Jad 11:28

It's about taking action .

Lilly 11:30

Exactly , and remember , trees are resilient . They've survived for millions of years . They'll find a way .

Jad 11:35

Yeah , we just have to give them a fighting chance .

Lilly 11:37

Exactly .

Jad 11:40

Well , that's a great message to end on . I think you know it's been a really fascinating deep dive into the European red list of trees .

Lilly 11:44

It has .

Jad 11:45

And I think it's a powerful reminder that you know we need to act now to protect these vital species .

Lilly 11:51

We do .

Jad 11:51

And the ecosystems they support .

Lilly 11:53

Absolutely .

Jad 11:54

So , whether you're an arborist working in the field , a researcher , researchers studying these trees , or simply someone who you know appreciates the beauty and importance of forests , we all have a role to play .

Lilly 12:04

We do and we all need to work together .

Jad 12:06

Yeah , it's about recognizing that the fate of these trees is in our hands .

Lilly 12:10

It is .

Jad 12:10

We can choose to ignore the warnings , or we can choose to act , to learn , to share and to protect and to protect . So let's

Call to Action and Closing

Jad 12:17

choose to act . Let's do it Well . Thanks for taking this deep dive with us folks and , as always , remember to stay curious .

Roger 12:27

Thank you for joining us on today's episode of Talking Trees . We've explored the European Red List of Trees , a pivotal document that assesses the extinction risks of native European tree species and highlights the urgent threats of invasive species and deforestation . With expert guidance and strategic recommendations for both in situ and ex situ protection , this report is a cornerstone in shaping conservation policies and preserving Europe's botanical heritage . Until next time , keep advocating for and nurturing the green legacy that sustains us .